Health News and Information

With the help of the sleep laboratory we can now chart and record sleep patterns and study them later with the help of a computer. Two kinds of sleep are identified. The first kind is REM sleep, during which the eyes move rapidly under the eyelids and dreams are experienced. In the second kind of sleep there is no rapid eye movement. This is called non-REM sleep or NREM sleep. This NREM sleep consists of the four stages of sleep.

Sleep cycles. When a person falls asleep, he goes into NREM sleep, first entering the short-lived stage 1 sleep and then passing into stage 2 sleep. Stage 2 is the main stage and occupies about 50 per cent of the time spent in NREM sleep. He then goes into stages 3 and 4 of slow wave sleep. After 90 minutes from the onset of sleep he goes back to stage 2 sleep and enters the first REM sleep. The time up to the beginning of the first REM sleep is called the first sleep cycle.

The second sleep cycle starts with the first REM sleep, continues through the four stages of NREM sleep, and ends at the beginning of the next REM sleep. Hence each sleep cycle consists of some REM sleep and some NREM sleep, except for the first sleep cycle which has little or no REM sleep.

Each sleep cycle lasts about 90 minutes and, as the night progresses, each REM period, and consequently each dream experience, lasts longer and longer, with the last REM stage in the morning perhaps lasting over an hour. This is why, when we wake up in the morning, we are very often in the middle of a dream. A normal sleep pattern will have four or five sleep cycles a night.

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As children we are all dependent upon our parents for our physical survival. So a pattern of accepting dependence is ingrained into us at an early stage.

Although we grow up into relatively independent adults, a need for some degree of dependence persists with us all. This is more obvious in the character of a woman, and has the biological function of allowing her to accept dependence when it is necessary for her during her childbearing period. On the other hand, the idea of being dependent on others may conflict with the aggressive and self-assertive aspects of a man’s personality. Such men want to be independent of their parents or their wife, but at the same time they feel the need for dependency. They are caught in the dilemma of unconsciously wanting dependence and at the same time not wanting it. As a result they feel a tension for which they can see no reason.

Another cause of tension concerns the need to have others dependent on us. It is not uncommon for an emotionally mature woman to marry a man less mature than herself. He comes to rely on her, and to be dependent upon her. She in turn enjoys giving this support from the fullness of her maturity. However, it often happens when the couple have their first baby, that the wife switches, and gives her dependence to her child. The husband becomes tense; he is not quite sure what has happened. Those around him may see that his anxiety is due to the loss of his wife’s emotional support, while he himself unconsciously saves face by not recognizing this cause of his tension.

On the other hand, a man who is a little immature may have fought hard to become independent of his parents in spite of his deep-seated wish to remain dependent. He succeeds, and has the feeling of well-being because his independence satisfies his masculinity. However, if such a man marries a mature, motherly type of woman, as he is often unconsciously driven to do, he may become tense again, because she, without knowing it, tries to develop a dependent relationship with him, which he unconsciously wants but at the same time strives to avoid.

In considering these different types of dependent relationships, it is well to remember that the mature person of either sex has a capacity both to give dependence to others and to accept some degree of dependence for himself. The man who would stand alone sees himself as the true picture of strength and maturity; but in reality he is a person who is not sufficiently secure to allow himself normal human interdependent relationships with his fellows.

A fifty-nine-year-old man who came to see me had always been extremely introverted and afraid of making a fool of himself in public. He had married a woman eight years younger than himself. She was a complete extrovert, and he saw in her all that he wished for himself. He developed a dependent relationship, but was unable to come close to her emotionally and was physically a poor lover. He covered up his feelings of inferiority with a good deal of aggression toward her. His wife eventually took a lover. He was shattered by the sudden loss of dependence, and he completely went to pieces, breaking down with acute anxiety symptoms.

The only thing in the world he wanted was to get her back. He worked conscientiously at the relaxing exercises. When his wife saw him more relaxed and without his former aggression, she abandoned her lover; and the story ends happily with the pair lovingly reunited.

They jointly sent a Christmas card with the note, “Christmas for us started on . . .” and then gave the date of their reunion.

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It is important to remember that there have been no head-to-head trials comparing St John’s Wort with the SSRIs in the treatment of depression. All reports of comparisons between the herbal and synthetic anti-depressants are therefore anecdotal. Nevertheless, there are lessons to be learned from anecdotes and one conclusion I have reached, based on many stories that there are certain people who do better on St John’s Wort than on the SSRIs. When both types of antidepressants are used in their conventional dosages, St John’s Wort appears to be superior to the SSRIs with respect to side-effects. Particularly, it appears to cause fewer sexual side-effects, less weight gain and fewer feelings of dullness in thinking or feeling. When used in their conventional dosages it is possible that the SSRIs may be more potent and I have encountered cases where they have reversed depressive symptoms that did not respond to St John’s Wort alone. In the currently planned multi-centre research study sponsored by the US National Institute of Mental Health, St John’s Wort and the SSRI Lustral are to be compared for the first time; It will be fascinating to see how they stack up against each other. In the meanwhile each depressed person will have to choose the type of anti-depressant – herbal or synthetic -best suited to his or her needs based on the information available and his or her own personal preferences.

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The analysis of ‘funny turns’ or ‘blackouts’ of one sort or another makes up a considerable proportion of the work of a neurologist and quite a bit of the work of a paediatrician. Their first concern is to obtain as accurate as possible an account of the events which led up to and occurred at the time of a seizure. People who have lost consciousness cannot themselves say what happened while they were unconscious. However, people will be able to give important information about what they were doing and how they felt before loss of consciousness, and how they felt when they first recovered, but the neurologist will want to know what was happening during the time that consciousness was disturbed. For this reason an eye-witness account is essential. Information must be asked about:

• What time of day was it?

• What was the person doing before the attack?

• What were the events leading up to the seizure(s)?

• Did the seizure or attack occur without warning, or were there initial symptoms suggestive of an aura or of a simple faint (syncope)?

• What precisely did the child or person look like or do during the seizure?

• How long did the seizure or attack last?

• What did the person look like and do afterwards?

If the patient or eye-witness is unable to recall accurately exactly what happened during the seizure, then it is useful to ask the eye-witness to show the doctor what sort of ‘jerking’ or shaking occurred, but sometimes people are too shy or embarrassed to do this. If repeated attacks occur, and there remains diagnostic difficulty, the potential eye-witness should be given a list of these check points, and encouraged to use a video-camera or cam-corder to record the seizure or attack. This is becoming increasingly useful in the diagnosis of epilepsy, particularly in infants and young children.

It should be possible to make a definite diagnosis of epilepsy or of some other condition on the basis of all this clinical information.

The diagnosis of epilepsy must not be made lightly and if there is doubt then epilepsy should not be diagnosed and the doctor should wait for more convincing evidence from further ‘attacks’ or episodes before making a firm diagnosis. The risk of someone with epilepsy coming to harm from a delay in the diagnosis is small, whereas a diagnosis of epilepsy incorrectly made is nearly always damaging. This damage may be reflected in unfair prejudice and resulting social burden, in addition to the prescription of unnecessary and potentially hazardous medication.

A large number of conditions may be misdiagnosed as epilepsy particularly in children.

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Newspapers, books, television news, radio talk shows, and medical newsletters all report that CMO is nothing less than a revolutionary breakthrough.

The Mark Scott Show, WXYT Radio in Detroit, provides us with these quotes: “Hang on folks, because if you haven’t heard this before, it certainly is going to be an eye-opener for you … Amazing is not the word for it… CMO gets to the source of the problem. It actually stops the arthritic process.”

The Don Bodenbach Show, KCEO Radio in San Diego gives us these quotes: “It may be what we consider almost a miracle cure for arthritis, and the form of arthritis doesn’t matter … What is more impressive is once you undergo the appropriate treatment… you are in most cases free from arthritis symptoms forever.”

The Nature of Health magazine, September 1996 titled its article, “Stop Arthritis Now! The Amazing Story of CMO” It said, “CMO is a natural substance and is considered an immunomodulator. The reason for the enormous interest is the effect of CMO on both rheumatoid and osteoarthritis … The results of CMO are so impressive that nothing that mainstream or natural medicine has to offer can come close to the dramatic reversals in arthritis that have been observed … The link between CMO and arthritis was discovered at the National Institutes of Health … Standard medical treatment is aimed at symptomatic relief of pain and inflammation and has shown to actually accelerate the disease process … In contrast, the CMO protocol works rapidly and does not need to be continued in the vast majority of cases.”

The Senior Citizens Reporter recounts: “CMO is not a conventional product. It’s unlike anything that’s existed before for arthritis … it’s an immunomodulator, which does not treat the symptoms, but instead corrects the cause of arthritis. CMO acts to normalize or correct the immune function that has gone awry, and that literally halts the arthritic process. Once the destructive process stops the body can heal itself, eliminating inflammation, stiffness, and pain.”

The Military Press reports: “T-cells incite macrophages to attack the body’s own cartilage … macrophages [are] like garbage collectors inside your body. Their job is to get rid of any foreign matter and organisms they encounter … and they clean up waste matter as well. That includes any fragments of unhealthy cartilage damaged by some physical trauma or produced by some invading organism like that which causes rheumatic fever … In the case of arthritis, regardless of whether it’s rheumatoid or osteo, once macrophages have dealt with some particles of cartilage they develop a chemical message that’s passed on to the memory T-cells … [which] develop a program instructing more and more macrophages to dispose of more and more cartilage. Unfortunately, that program doesn’t distinguish between healthy and unhealthy cartilage. So the onslaught against your joints begins … CMO acts to normalize the programs in the memory

T-cells that are directing the macrophage attacks against the cartilage and the joints. Thus it intervenes in the arthritic process itself regardless of whether it is osteo or rheumatoid. Once the arthritic process is halted and the macrophage attacks are stopped, the body’s own healing mechanisms can deal with the inflammation, and its resulting pains soon disappear as well. The effects seem to be permanent.”

The West Coast Jewish News reports: “CMO successfully intervenes in both the osteo and rheumatoid arthritic process. The proof that CMO is acting as a modulator is demonstrated by the fact that subjects with hypertension [high blood pressure] and others with hypotension [low blood pressure] have both seen their blood pressures normalize as a result of taking CMO. This normalization effect also frequently affects blood sedimentation rates [of lupus patients] as well as insulin requirements in diabetics.”

The media in Europe are gradually also waking up to CMO.

In April 2000, Womans Own, a British magazine devoted a whole page to the story of eleven year old girl under the title 7 thought only older people got arthritis”. The magazine reports on the wonderful and long lasting improvement this young girl got after CMO therapy.

In Norway, Scandinavia, the top selling and highly respected magazine, Hjemmet, reported on its front cover, the sensational headline: “New natural find removes arthritis”. What followed was a two page spread inside the magazine reporting on CMO, and how a Norwegian school teacher who had to stop teaching as he could not lift his hand because of his arthritis. After CMO therapy, his improvement was such that he could go back to teaching and fishing!

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Symptoms: eyes are not parallel; the pupil of one eye is a different color from the other; child has trouble judging distance; child cocks head or moves face in effort to see clearly.

Home care

Home care cannot be undertaken until a doctor has diagnosed the condition.

Precautions

-    A child under seven whose eyes are not parallel all or most of the time should be seen by -    If lazy eye is not diagnosed and treated, the condition can become permanent.

-    Have your child’s eyes checked every year after the age of three or four.

A “lazy eye” is one in which the vision is poor because the child has suppressed the image received by that eye. Basically it’s loss of vision from lack of use and is known technically as amblyopia ex anopsia. Most cases of lazy eye result from weakness of one or more of the six small muscles that move the eyeball. Eye muscle weaknesses can cause the eyes to turn in or out in relation to each other. This can lead to the child’s seeing double. If a young child learns to ignore one of the double images, a loss of vision in the unused eye results. On the other hand, if the eye muscles are normal but the vision is poor in one eye, the young child may ignore the poor image received. This can result from marked near- or farsightedness, astigmatism, or other interference with vision in one eye. Such interference might be caused by congenital cataracts (clouding of the lens of the eye) or scars on the cornea (the transparent front part of the eye).

Signs and symptoms

Lazy eye should be suspected when the eyes are not parallel all or most of the time, or are parallel less and less often in a child under seven years of age. See your doctor if: your child’s eyes aren’t parallel; the pupil of one eye is a different color from the other; your child is over two years old and has trouble seeing or judging distances when reaching for an object; or your child cocks his or her head to one side or turns his or her face to see better (the child may be compensating for double vision).

Home care

No home treatment for lazy eye is advised until a doctor has diagnosed the condition.

Precautions

• You should understand lazy eye so that if the condition occurs in your child you can catch it in time for treatment to be successful.

• Have your child’s vision checked each year after age three or four. Lazy eye can be treated successfully in children up to age seven. If it’s left untreated the condition may become permanent.

Medical treatment

Your doctor will inspect the insides and outsides of both eyes and test their movements in all directions. If the child is old enough to understand directions, the doctor can check the vision. Vision will be checked with a letter or picture chart. A younger child’s vision should be checked by an ophthalmologist who can use a system that does not require the child to follow instructions.

Lazy eye is corrected either by patching the good eye or hindering the vision in the good eye with eye drops or glasses. By blocking the good eye, the child is forced to use the lazy eye. As a final resort, surgery is sometimes necessary to correct the weak eye muscles.

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Diabetes is a condition in which the pancreas gland fails to produce sufficient insulin and in which the insulin that is produced does not have its normal effects. Because of the poor insulin supply, too much sugar remains in the bloodstream and spills over into the urine.

There are about 3.5 million diabetics in the US alone, and it is estimated that there are half as many again undiagnosed. Diabetes is a family of conditions but there are two main types. Type 1 (formerly called juvenile diabetes) can occur at any age but is more frequently seen first in children and young people. Such diabetics need insulin for the rest of their lives. Type 2 diabetes is a disease of obese middle-aged people (usually women)-it only rarely occurs in children. In this latter condition there is probably a normal amount of insulin being produced but there is not enough to go round such a large, overweight body and an apparent shortage occurs and produces symptoms.

Both types of the disease are seen mainly in westernized countries and are rare among peasant agriculturists and other traditional-living people. Recent theories suggest that this difference is all to do with the food the different cultures eat. By and large it appears that a diet low in fat, low in sucrose, high in unrefined starches and high in fibre protects against the disease.

Diabetes is worth preventing because it produces a considerable number of illnesses and if untreated can be fatal. Before the discovery of insulin, all sufferers who would now be called insulin-dependent diabetics died. Now such early deaths are rare, though many diabetics die younger than they should because of their complications.

The earliest symptoms of diabetes are considerable thirst, excessive urination, feeling hungry, and-in spite of the latter-weight loss. There is a generalized weakness, a tendency to get infections (especially vaginal thrush in women), boils, blurred vision, numbness, dry mouth, tingling and cramp in the legs and, later on, impotence.

The diagnosis is easily made today and treatment means that most diabetics live nearly as long as anyone else.

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Oily fish such as sardines, salmon, herrings, mackerel, anchovies and tuna are great sources of EPA and DHA. Much of the fish in our oceans today is contaminated with high levels of heavy metals, such as mercury and cadmium, as well as pesticides and industrial chemicals. Therefore, j it is wiser to choose fish that is smaller, and lower down in the food chain. Larger fish at the top of the food chain have accumulated a lot of toxins in their bodies from all the smaller fish they have eaten. The healthiest fish are actually sardines and anchovies because they feed on plankton. However, if you can’t stomach certain species offish, you will still get benefits from eating any type you do like.

There are plenty of vegetarian sources of omega 3 fats; the best ones are:

•     Ground flaxseeds. You can add these to smoothies, yoghurt or sprinkle them on your cereal or fruit.

•     Flaxseed oil. This can be used as a salad dressing or added to smoothies. Make sure you never heat flaxseed oil, as it is very susceptible to oxidation.

•     Walnuts.

•     Green leafy vegetables.

•     Tofu.

Your body will have to convert the alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) in these foods to EPA and DHA.

If you feel that you need more omega 3 fats than your diet provides, you can take a fish or flaxseed oil supplement. An ideal dose would be three grams per day; this usually equates to three capsules.

Saturated fats are not as bad as you think. It is quite okay to include small amounts of them in your diet. Saturated fats are found predominantly in animal foods such as butter, full fat dairy products and red meat. Saturated fats have the following benefits:

•     They provide structure and integrity to our cell membranes. Phospholipids are the type of fats making up our cell membranes, and they are made of mostly saturated fatty acids.

•     They increase the satiety of a meal, helping to keep us full so that we don’t over eat or binge on sweets.

•     They enhance the function of our immune system.

•     They are usually found in foods with essential fat soluble vitamins, such as vitamins A and D.

•     They enhance our body’s ability to use essential fatty acids.

•     Even if you do not eat any saturated fats, your body will make them out of carbohydrate you ate.

•     They have been part of the human diet for many generations, at a time when heart disease was nowhere near as prevalent as it is now.

Monounsaturated fats help to keep your heart healthy. Olive oil is one of the richest sources of monounsaturated fatty acids. If you use vegetable oil m cooking, olive oil is a good choice because it withstands high temperatures well. Other great sources of monounsaturated fats are hazelnuts, macadamia nuts, almonds, Brazil nuts, cashews, avocado and sesame seeds. Try to include all of these in your diet regularly.

A high intake of monounsaturated fat in Mediterranean countries is thought to be a reason they have such low rates of heart disease. This type of fat helps to lower cholesterol levels, and may offer some protection against cancer. Foods high in monounsaturated fat are often a good source of vitamin E as well.

Polyunsaturated fats are divided into two categories: omega 3 and omega 6. Omega 3 fats are highly beneficial and have been discussed above. The problem is that most people have far too much omega 6 fat in their diet. Vegetable oils high in omega 6 fatty acids include corn oil, soybean oil, cottonseed oil, sunflower oil and safflower oil. These are a fairly new addition to the human diet because of modern oil refining practices. These types of vegetable oils should never be used for cooking, as they are easily damaged by heat which causes them to be oxidized and act as free radicals in the body.

It is best to obtain polyunsaturated fats from whole foods, rather than refined oils. Suitable choices are sunflower seeds, pumpkin seeds, walnuts and sesame seeds. Flaxseed oil is high in omega 3 polyunsaturated fat and may be used as a salad dressing, in smoothies, or other ways as long as it is not heated.

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Pain in the head from any cause. Migraine is a very specific type of headache and is relatively uncommon, whereas headaches are extremely common-one of the most familiar of everyday pains.

Migraine is characteristically a one-sided headache and more than half of all sufferers have their first attack before the age of 20. Most people who have true migraine know when it is about to start. Often sufferers say that they feel exceptionally well a day or two before the attack. The senses are often generally sharpened at this time. Shortly before the headache itself begins there may be a sensation called an aura. This often takes the form of difficulty with or changes in vision. You might see flashing lights and you might even go blind for a while. There may also be peculiar smells, a feeling of nausea and you might even vomit. Some people lose their voice and have altered sensations of touch. The aura lasts for up to half an hour and then fades.

Next comes the headache, which can last from an hour up to a few days. It starts above or behind one eye and spreads to the back of the head on the same side. Many people feel nauseated and may even vomit. For many, sleep cures the headache but others wake with the headache still there.

Cluster headaches are not at all uncommon and are a sort of face-headache migraine. They come in bouts (clusters) with an attack every day for weeks and then nothing for months. This complaint is much less common than ordinary migraine and men have it more often than women. The individual attack starts at the same time each day (or more often, night) often in the spring or autumn. When an attack is at its peak it is very painful, usually being worst in the eye and the cheek. The eye on the affected side becomes red and watery and the nostril on that side blocked. Anti-migraine drugs can be useful but often the condition persists.

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Because each patient is different, I don’t believe in starting off with a “shopping list” of goals to be met. However, certain themes usually emerge.

One central theme is the patient’s relationship to food and the significance of eating in her life. Strangely, some professionals carry on therapy for months without once attacking the patient’s problem with food. They seem to think that just by exploring underlying issues-problems with parents, for example-her eating will improve.

Nonsense! That’s like treating a broken leg with aspirin: It might help the pain a little, but it ignores the bigger problem.

Therapy has to address the symptoms themselves, as well as the feelings of guilt and shame that may result from the cycle of bingeing and purging or self-starvation. It must also look at the reasons food has become the patient’s means of defense, a kind of “anesthetic” against emotional pain.

Another important theme is autonomy, by which I mean two things: self-government and independence.

Self-government means having control over impulses and desires, and not being prey to emotional whims. Ironically, people with eating disorders, especially anorexics, feel they are totally in control of themselves. The truth is that their disorder controls them. Bulimics, in contrast, usually realize they are caught in a cycle they can no longer control.

Independence means not relying completely on other people to satisfy one’s emotional and physical needs. Many of these patients have tried to please other people all their lives-their parents, their teachers, their friends and lovers. They devote themselves to others’ desires and ignore their own. They base their identity on the reactions they stir up in other people.

In therapy, the patient learns to trust her own instincts. She recognizes her feelings and accepts them as valid. Through acceptance comes control and self-mastery.

Another recurring theme in therapy is learning how to tolerate moods. Sure, we all have “down times,” when depression or feelings of failure creep in. An eating-disordered person seeks relief from these feelings by resorting to her symptoms-bingeing and purging, for example.

As Marti, a twenty-nine-year-old woman, put it: “Some days I just can’t drag myself out of bed. I feel so hopeless-nothing is worth doing. I don’t care how I look. I don’t want to go anywhere or see anyone. Nothing cheers me up. Not the TV, not music, not even the comics in the newspaper. It all just seems so … so sad. The only thing I have energy for is eating. Once I start I just keep going. Cookies and leftover Halloween candy and stuff that’s been in the freezer probably since the Civil War. Anything. Then I puke. When I was a baby I comforted myself by sucking on my thumb. Now I do it by sucking food off a fork. Throwing up gives me the illusion that I’m in control. It’s pretty pathetic.”

Marti is describing feelings of depression, a mood she tries to lift by turning to food. For some people, food acts as a kind of substitute for the emotion itself. Others use food to calm themselves down after exploding in anger, or to soothe their guilt for feeling a “shameful” emotion, such as jealousy.

During therapy we explore these moods. We look at what causes them and how they disrupt the patient’s life. I try to help patients see that such moods are part of living. Expressing emotions is normal and nothing to be ashamed of. It’s what makes us human! However, in therapy we look for ways to avoid the things that trigger moods in the first place, and look for alternative ways to act when they do occur.

Coping with maturity is another topic that crops up often. As we have seen, anorexia causes the patient to regress to a preadolescent state. Her starving body loses its womanly shape and functions. In therapy I encourage the patient to examine her feelings about growing up, to find out what it is that frightens her so. Does she fear being abandoned by her parents? Is she scared of the responsibilities of adulthood? Is starving a way to avoid dealing with other people and the risk of being rejected? What is going on inside?

For the bulimic, too, food and eating substitute for mature relationships. As Enid, a twenty-six-year-old patient, told me, “Friends can say mean things. They’re not always around when you need them for support. You can sleep with a man and in the morning the bastard is gone and you never see him again. That’s not true with food. Food is always there. And if it isn’t, you can just go buy some.”

In a way, individual therapy provides a model relationship that the patient can use to explore these issues of maturity. If handled properly, the patient develops trust in her therapist. She learns she can reveal secrets or make mistakes without betrayal or rejection. In the process, she sees how to handle feelings without falling back on the symptoms of her disorder.

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